皮埃尔-奥古斯特·雷诺阿(1841–1919)是印象派的代表人物之一，早期绘画风格属于典型印象派，十分注重对光线和色彩的描绘。他的人物画十分出名，人物形象饱满明亮，色彩明艳愉快，画作中总是充满阳光，让人感受到温暖。 Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919) is one of the most important figures of Impressionism. The early painting style belongs to the typical impressionism, paying great attention to the depiction of light and color. His figure paintings are very famous. They are famous for bright, colorful, and cheerful combinations. His paintings are…

奥斯卡-克洛德·莫奈(Oscar-Claude Monet)(1840–1926)印象派的创始人和代表人物。 Oscar-Claude Monet (1840–1926) is the founder and representative of Impressionism. 在莫奈的世界里，光影才是画作真正的主题，他喜欢从不同的角度，在不同的时间点，对同一主题进行描绘。1872年，他在故乡勒阿弗尔创作了“印象”系列绘画，记录码头早晨、白天、傍晚、夜晚的光影变化，《印象·日出》为六幅作品中最出名的一幅。两年之后，“印象”系列在法国巴黎展出，评论家勒鲁阿却给出了“糊墙花纸也比这幅海景更完整”的评价，并借用作品的名称“印象”一词来讽刺作品缺乏细节、模糊、一塌糊涂。 In Monet’s world, light and shadow are the real subjects of the paintings. He likes to portray the same subject from different angles and at different points in time. In 1872, he created the “Impression” series of…

爱德华·马奈(Édouard Manet)(1832–1883)是一位现实主义画家，也是一位印象派画家。他的作品有相当的真实感，十分注重对人物细节的刻画，故而被归为现实主义画派。同时，他的作品主题虽然来源于现实，但却又高于现实，也因此被归入印象派画家。 Édouard Manet (1832–1883) was a realist painter and an impressionist painter. His works have a considerable sense of reality and pay great attention to depicting the details of the characters, so he is classified as a realist school. …

让-巴蒂斯·卡米耶·科洛(Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot)(1796–1875)法国著名的现实主义画家。早年他是一位商人，26岁开始转行，成为一名画家，为后世留下了大量风景画和肖像画。 Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1796–1875) is a famous French realist painter. In his early years, he was a businessman. At the age of 26, he changed his career and became a painter, leaving behind many landscape paintings and portraits for later generations. 早年科洛的画作具有轮廓清晰，笔触细腻的特点，胜在“精确”描绘。 In his early years, Corot’s…

奥诺雷·杜米埃(Honoré Daumier)(1808–1879)是法国著名油画家、版画家、雕塑家以及漫画家。他出生于法国马赛一个工人家庭，日子清贫，做过学徒，当过信使，做过店员，种种经历使他对下层人民的生活格外了解。 Honoré Daumier (1808–1879) was a famous French painter, printmaker, sculptor, and cartoonist. He was born in a working family in Marseille, France. He lived in poverty, working around multiple jobs to make a living such as apprentice, postman, and shop assistant. …

古斯塔夫·库尔贝(Gustave Courbet)(1819–1877)是法国著名的现实主义画家，更是现实主义画派的开创者，他的一生都在践行他的一句名言：“我不会画天使，因为我没有见过他们”。 Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) is a famous French realist painter and the pioneer of the realist school. He has practiced his believes all his life: “I don’t think I can paint angels because I have not seen them.” 《画室》是库尔贝最具有影响力的一幅作品，画面中共有23人，都是对库尔贝的人生带来很大影响的人物。左侧为法国社会的劳苦大众 — —…

1840年代末，欧洲各国陆续从封建主义向资本主义过渡。社会制度的改变使得财富成为衡量万物的重要标准，人与人之间的关系也渐趋冷漠。在此背景下，客观而冷静地观察并剖析社会，以揭露黑暗、倡导社会改良变的尤为重要。于是现实主义运动开始了，并快速成为艺术、文学的主要流派。现实主义反对夸张的情绪表达，转而追求真实而准确地描绘现实生活中的人物和情景，尤其是那些所谓“不完美”的人和事。 In the late 1840s, European countries gradually transitioned from feudalism to capitalism. Changes in social systems have made wealth an essential criterion for measuring everything, and the relationship between people has increasingly become indifferent. It is particularly important to observe and analyze society objectively and calmly to expose the…

约瑟夫·马洛德·威廉·特纳(Joseph Mallord William Turner)(1775–1851)是英国著名的浪漫主义风景画家。他细致入微地观察自然，巧妙地运用光线、色彩，最终形成自己独特的风格，很大程度上影响了后来的印象派。在英国，他被认为是“真正使英国风景画摆脱意大利、荷兰绘画影响，而走上自己独立道路的两个人之一”。在绘画历史上，他的作品将风景画推向了高潮，使得风景画能够与宗教画、肖像画等画作类别具有同等的地位。 Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was a famous British romantic landscape painter. He observed nature meticulously and skillfully used light and color to form his own unique style, which greatly influenced later impressionism. In the United Kingdom, he is regarded as “one of the two people…

卡斯帕·大卫·弗雷德里希(Caspar David Friedrich)(1774–1840)是浪漫主义画派的风景画画家，他的一生都寄情山水，以浪漫而感性的方式表达面对自然时的情感，同时也在诉说自己的故事。 Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840) is a landscape painter of the Romantic School. He has been passionate about landscapes all his life, expressing his feelings when facing nature with emotions and sensations as if each piece of nature has her own story. 他天性敏感，母亲在他七岁时去世，姐姐在他八岁时去世，十三岁时，哥哥为了救溺水的他丢掉了性命，十七岁时，另外一位姐姐也离开了人世。这些悲痛的经历使得他多愁善感、消极悲观。