Titian: Venice in Post Renaissance
提齐安诺·维伽略(Tiziano Vecelli)(1488–1576)，或称提香，出生于意大利东北部阿尔卑斯山地区，10岁时跟随兄长来到了威尼斯，与威尼斯画派的奠基式人物乔尔乔内一同从师乔瓦尼·贝利尼(Giovanni Bellini)。
Tiziano Vecelli (1488–1576), or Titian, was born in the Alps region of northeastern Italy. At the age of 10, he followed his brother to Venice and joined the founder of the Venetian school, Giorgio under the tutelage of Giovanni Bellini.
提香十分崇拜师兄乔尔乔内，两人一同完成了几件作品。提香也在此过程中积累了经验，并凭借着自身过硬的业务能力，打响了名声，甚至有盖住乔尔乔内之势。真正将提香送上神台的是1509年的一场灾难，亦友亦敌的乔尔乔内被瘟疫夺去了生命。从此，再也没人能与提香抗衡。
Titian admired his brother Giorgione very much, and the two completed several works together. Titian also accumulated experience in this process, and under his excellent business ability, he gained a reputation and even covered Giorgione. What really brought Titian to the Shentai was a disaster in 1509, and Giorgione, a friend, and foe was killed by the plague. Since then, no one can compete with Titian.
乔尔乔内过世后，提香怀着对师兄的思念完成了乔尔乔内还没画完的《沉睡的维纳斯》的天空和布景部分。
After Giorgio’s death, Titian completed the sky and set of “Sleeping Venus” that Giorgio hadn’t finished yet, with the thought of his brother in mind.
之后，提香还独立创作过一幅《乌尔比诺的维纳斯》。提香模仿了《沉睡的维纳斯》中的人物造型，但将维纳斯画入了一个室内环境中，并让她睁开双眼与观者“互动”。这幅画作如今看来似乎并无不妥，但在16世纪，这个仍在教会阴影之下的时代却是惊世骇俗的 — — 女神维纳斯没有女神的样子，反而赤裸全身，睁开双眼挑逗观众。整幅作品充满了情色意味，被后世评价为：画出了纸醉金迷的威尼斯精神。
Shortly after that, Titian also independently wrote a “Venus of Urbino”. Titian imitates the characters in “Sleeping Venus”, but draws Venus into an indoor environment and lets her open her eyes to “interact” with the viewer. This painting seems innocent today, but in the 16th century, this era still under the shadow of the church was terrifying. — The goddess Venus did not look like a goddess. Instead, she was naked and opened her eyes to tease the audience. The whole work is full of erotic meaning and was evaluated by later generations as painting the Venetian spirit of a paper fan.
16世纪，教会在各地都任命了主教，而后主教统一向梵蒂冈汇报工作，以此建立了天主教的精神权力体系。当时的威尼斯较为独立，虽也有主教，但早已被“隔离”出了威尼斯社会。因而，即便提香留下了如此“叛逆”的作品，教会虽多有不满，却也无可奈何。
In the 16th century, the church appointed bishops everywhere, and then all the bishops reported to the Vatican to establish a Catholic spiritual power system. At that time, Venice was relatively independent. Although there were also bishops, it was already “isolated” out of Venetian society. Therefore, even if Titian left such a “rebellious” work, the church was helpless despite its many resentments.
在这样的背景下，有才又有名的提香，成为了威尼斯的共和国画师，他只接受自己喜欢的委托，只以自己喜欢的方式作画，且任何人都以能获得提香所作之画为荣。
Under this circumstance, the talented and famous Titian became a painter of the Republic of Venice. He only accepted commissions he liked and only painted in his own way. Glorious.
这幅《圣母升天》描绘的是圣母玛莉亚在结束了今世生活之后，灵魂和肉身一同升到天堂的场景。这幅画作一反传统，出现了三个层次：底部是神态动作各不相同的使徒们，顶部是俯视下方的上帝，中间是正在上升的圣母，她站在由三位天使托起的云团之上，身型扭曲，因而充满动感，展现出了“上升”这一动作。
This “Assumption of the Virgin” depicts the scene where Virgin Mary ascended to heaven with her body’s aftermath. This painting is non-traditional. There are three levels: the bottom is the apostles with different expressions, the top is the god looking down, the middle is the ascending Virgin. Virgin is standing in the cloud supported by three angels Above, the figure is twisted, so full of movement, showing the action of “rising”.
这幅作品描绘的是希腊神话中酒神巴库斯看到少女阿里阿德涅一见钟情的场景。巴库斯满怀激情，从坐车上飞向阿里阿德涅，成为画面的突出中心。提香用色大胆，背景的蓝天与前景所使用的暖调色彩形成对比，整个画面色彩亮丽鲜艳，充满活力。可以看出这是一幅歌颂青春、活力、生命的赞歌。
This work depicts the scene where the god Bacchus in Greek mythology saw the girl Ariadne falling in love at first sight. With full of passion, Bakus flew from the car to Ariadne, becoming the prominent center of the picture. Titian uses bold colors, the blue sky in the background contrasts with the warm colors used in the foreground, and the entire painting is bright and vivid, full of vitality. It can be seen that this is an ode to youth, spirit, and life.
这是提香的封笔之作，他还未完成这幅作品便去世了。这幅作品描绘了基督下葬之时的场景，他利用了日落时分灰暗的光线来营造悲剧气氛，利用相近色（人物形象的肤色）和对比色（人物的服装）来突显基督的了无生气，故而加强哀伤。
This is Titian’s pen-closing work. He died before finishing this work. This work depicts the scene when Christ was buried. He used the dim light at sunset to create a tragic atmosphere and used similar colors (the skin color of the character) and contrasting colors (the clothing of the character) to highlight Christ ’s lifelessness. Strengthen sorrow.
提香对色彩和笔触的掌控达到了一个全新的高度，继承并发展了威尼斯画派。他的作品色彩丰富且鲜艳，笔触细致而又豪放，作品构思大胆、气势恢宏，对欧洲后期的油画发展都产生了较大影响。
Titian’s control of color and brushstroke reached a whole new level, inheriting and developing the Venetian School. His works are rich in color and bright, with detailed and bold strokes. His bold and magnificent ideas have a significant influence on the development of oil painting in later Europe.
